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The morphology of the Polish language is characterised by a fairly regular system of inflection (conjugation and declension) as well as word formation. Certain regular or common alternations apply across the Polish morphological system, affecting word formation and inflection of various parts of speech. These are described below, mostly with reference to the orthographic rather than the phonological system, for clarity. ==Regular alternation== *Consonants in clusters and at the end of words are affected by the voicing rules; these are generally not reflected in the spelling. For example, the ''d'' in ''sąd'' ("court") is pronounced , while in inflected forms such as the plural ''sądy'' it is pronounced . *The vowels ''i'' and ''y'' have restricted distribution: ''i'' does not occur (except in some words of foreign origin) after hard ''c'', ''cz'', ''d'', hard ''dz'', ''dż'', ''ł'', ''r'', ''sz'', ''t'', ''ż/rz'', while ''y'' does not occur after ''k'', ''g'', ''l'' and palatal consonants. This means that in certain inflectional forms ''i'' appears in place of the expected ''y'' or vice versa (for example, the genitive of ''mąka'' "flour" is ''mąki'', not '' *-ky''). *The vowel ''e'' in endings causes the palatalization of a preceding ''k'' or ''g''. For example, the instrumental case of ''dziecko'' ("child") is ''dzieckiem'', not '' *-kem''. *Certain endings have the effect of notionally palatizing the preceding consonant. Due to historical developments, the actual effect is dependent on the consonant. * *Endings that include palatization before ''e'' (represented as ''-ie, -iej'' etc.) combine with the preceding consonant as follows: ''b+ie'' becomes ''bie'' (similarly with ''p, f, w, m''), ''s+ie'' becomes ''sie'' (similarly with ''z, n''), ''t+ie'' becomes ''cie'', ''d+ie'' becomes ''dzie'', ''g+ie'' becomes ''dze'', ''k+ie'' becomes ''ce'', ''(c)h+ie'' becomes ''sze'', ''ł+ie'' becomes ''le'', ''r+ie'' becomes ''rze''. There is also assimilation of ''s'' and ''z'' with a following palatal consonant, so for example ''-st + -ie'' becomes ''-ście''. * *The ending represented as ''-i'' (in the masculine personal plural) causes similar consonant changes as in the preceding case, except that ''ch+i'' becomes ''si'' (as in ''Włoch/Włosi'' "Italian(s)"); also ''sz+i'' becomes ''si'' and ''ż+i'' becomes ''zi''. *Some words are subject to certain vowel alternations (for the reasons for these, see ''Historical development'' in the article on Polish phonology). The alternations are as follows (they do not apply to all words containing these vowels): * *Alternations that depend on whether the syllable is closed or open – these are ''ó–o'', ''ą–ę'', and zero–''(i)e'' (occasionally ''(i)o''). Examples: ''robić'' ("to do") has the imperative ''rób''; ''dąb'' ("oak") has the plural ''dęby''; ''pies'' ("dog") has the plural ''psy''; ''matka'' ("mother") has the genitive plural ''matek''; ''kocioł'' ("boiler") has the plural ''kotły''. * *Alternations that take effect when the following consonant is modified by an ''i'' or ''ie'' ending – these are ''a–e'' and ''o–e''. Examples: ''wiara'' ("faith") has dative/locative ''wierze''; ''kościół'' ("church", which also undergoes the ''ó–o'' alternation described above) has genitive ''kościoła'' and locative ''kościele''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Polish morphology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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